Comparison of antigen test and polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2 in children younger than 12 years. / Comparación del test de antígeno y la reacción en cadena de polimerasa para SARS-CoV-2 en niños menores de 12 años.

Stopping the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is critical and can be achieved through rapid and effective detection techniques. Our objective was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen tests (RAgT) and reverse transcriptionquantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and to describe amplification cycle thresholds (Cts). Participants were children aged 1 month to 11 years with symptoms for less than 7 days, who did not have a detectable result in the past 90 days, and were immunocompetent. A total of 1855 patients were included; the prevalence of COVID-19 was 4.7%. For the RAgT, overall sensitivity was 60.2% and specificity, 99.8%; in children older than 5 years, values were 69.8% and 99.8%, respectively. Ct values for discordant samples were higher. To conclude, the diagnostic accuracy indicated that the specificity of RAgT is similar to that of RT-qPCR, but its sensitivity is notably lower, especially in children younger than 5 years.

Frenar la propagación de la enfermedad por el coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19, por su sigla en inglés) es fundamental, y se puede realizar mediante técnicas de detección rápidas y efectivas. El objetivo fue comparar la precisión diagnóstica de un test rápido de antígeno (TRAg,) con la reacción en cadena de polimerasa con retrotranscripción (RT-qPCR, por su sigla en inglés) y describir los umbrales de amplificación (Ct, por su sigla en inglés). Participaron niños de 1 mes a 11 años que tuvieran menos de 7 días de síntomas, sin resultado detectable en los últimos 90 días, e inmunocompetentes. Se incluyeron 1855 pacientes con una prevalencia de COVID-19 del 4,7 %. La sensibilidad global del TRAg fue del 60,2 % y su especificidad, del 99,8 %; en niños mayores de 5 años los valores fueron de 69,8 % y 99,8 %, respectivamente. Los valores de Ct de las muestras discordantes fueron más altos. En conclusión, la precisión diagnóstica muestra que TRAg tiene una especificidad similar a la RT-qPCR, pero una sensibilidad considerablemente menor, sobre todo en niños de menos de 5 años.

Comparación del test de antígeno y la reacción en cadena de polimerasa para SARS-CoV-2 en niños menores de 12 años / Comparison of antigen test and polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2 in children younger than 12 years

Frenar la propagación de la enfermedad por el coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19, por su sigla en inglés) es fundamental, y se puede realizar mediante técnicas de detección rápidas y efectivas. El objetivo fue comparar la precisión diagnóstica de un test rápido de antígeno (TRAg,) con la reacción en cadena de polimerasa con retrotranscripción (RT-qPCR, por su sigla en inglés) y describir los umbrales de amplificación (Ct, por su sigla en inglés). Participaron niños de 1 mes a 11 años que tuvieran menos de 7 días de síntomas, sin resultado detectable en los últimos 90 días, e inmunocompetentes. Se incluyeron 1855 pacientes con una prevalencia de COVID-19 del 4,7 %. La sensibilidad global del TRAg fue del 60,2 % y su especificidad, del 99,8 %; en niños mayores de 5 años los valores fueron de 69,8 % y 99,8 %, respectivamente. Los valores de Ct de las muestras discordantes fueron más altos. En conclusión, la precisión diagnóstica muestra que TRAg tiene una especificidad similar a la RT-qPCR, pero una sensibilidad considerablemente menor, sobre todo en niños de menos de 5 años.

Stopping the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is critical and can be achieved through rapid and effective detection techniques. Our objective was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen tests (RAgT) and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and to describe amplification cycle thresholds (Cts). Participants were children aged 1 month to 11 years with symptoms for less than 7 days, who did not have a detectable result in the past 90 days, and were immunocompetent. A total of 1855 patients were included; the prevalence of COVID-19 was 4.7%. For the RAgT, overall sensitivity was 60.2% and specificity, 99.8%; in children older than 5 years, values were 69.8% and 99.8%, respectively. Ct values for discordant samples were higher. To conclude, the diagnostic accuracy indicated that the specificity of RAgT is similar to that of RT-qPCR, but its sensitivity is notably lower,especially in children younger than 5 years.

[Out-of-hospital care setting in a Febrile Emergency Unit of suspected Covid 19 patients]. / Atención extrahospitalaria en una Unidad Febril de Urgencia de pacientes sospechosos de Covid 19.

INTRODUCTION: In 2019, a new infection was reported in China. This coronavirus was named SARS-COV-2, causative of the 21st-century pandemic, COVID-19. Health systems adopted different strategies to cope with it. OBJECTIVE: to describe the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in children seen at an Emergency Febril Unit (UFU). PATIENTS AND METHOD: Cross-sectional study in patients under 18 years of age tested for SARS-COV-2 between April 1 and June 30, 2020. All epidemiological re cords made at the time of consultation and the result of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test of these patients, either by suspicion of COVID-19 or epidemiological isolation criteria, were inclu ded. Patients whose samples had been taken for SARS-COV-2 determination outside the initial time of consultation or whose epidemiological records were incomplete or did not meet the established inclusion criteria were excluded. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was made using the PCR technique for SARS-COV-2 in nasopharyngeal secretions obtained by nasopharyngeal swab or aspirate. The following variables were recorded: age, gender, place of residence, history of close contact, history of history of close contacts, travel history and comorbidities, history of institutionalization and PCR result. RESULTS: 1,104 patients were admitted to the UFU and tested due to suspected COVID-19. 152 patients had to be excluded due to insufficient data. Of the 952 patients tested, 22.6% had a detec table result, and 71.2% of them reported close contact with confirmed cases. The mean age was 5.9 years. The 55.4% were male and 99.3% lived in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires. 72.8% of the patients tested had symptoms. The time of delay in consultation was 2.17 days. 25% of the children had comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of the UFU facilitated access and optimized the care circuit in response to demand. Children with a history of close contact and those symptomatic showed more frequently a detectable result for SARS-COV-2.

Post-bleaching sensitivity in patients with sickle cell disease.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a monogenic disease that affects millions of people worldwide. This study analyzed the effectiveness of bleaching and tooth sensitivity after in-office bleaching in patients with SCD. Forty volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 patients each (five with the SCD and five healthy controls) and treated using in-office bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide and different light activation protocols. No statistically significant difference was observed with relation to presence of tooth sensitivity, with or without use of a source of light for peroxide activation, and all bleaching therapies were effective, regardless of the technique employed and the presence/absence of sickle cell disease. The data showed that in-office dental bleaching is a viable alternative for improvement of oral esthetics for patients with SCD.

A doença falciforme (DF) é a doença monogênica e afeta milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. Este estudo analisou a eficácia do clareamento e a presença de sensibilidade dentinária após clareamento dental em portadores de DF. Quarenta voluntários distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos com diferentes fontes de luz foram submetidos à técnica de clareamento em consultório, utilizando peróxido de hidrogênio a 35%. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação á presença de sensibilidade, com ou sem a utilização de uma fonte de luz para acelerar a ativação do peróxido e todos os clareamentos foram efetivos, independentemente da técnica utilizada e da presença/ausência de DF. Os dados mostraram que o clareamento dental em consultório, utilizando peróxido de hidrogênio a 35% é uma alternativa viável para melhoria da estética em pacientes com DF.

Platelet-rich plasma in diabetic dry eye disease / Plasma rico em plaquetas no olho seco diabético

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of autologous Plasma- rich platelet (PRP) in symptomatic dry eye of diabetic patients. Design A prospective single group interventional study. Participants: Twelve diabetic patients with refractory dry eye disease. Methods Patients were treated with autologous PRP eye drops four times a day for a month. Dry eye symptoms and its frequency, according to DEWS studies, tear film breakup time, improvement of visual acuity lines, and Schirmer test. Results: All the patients had some symptomatic improvement regarding dryness, itching, burning and redness (p=0.002). Five patients, 41.66% (5/12) had improvement of 1 or more lines of visual acuity in both eyes, 50% and 58.33% had no alteration in right and left eye, respectively (p=0.14). Considering Schirmer test, 66.66% (8/12) had improvement in the test value, 25% (3/12) had no alteration in this test value and 8.33% (1/12) had a reduced value in the test after treatment.(p=0.04). Considering the value of BUT test 58.33% (7/12) had improvement in the test value and 41.66% (5/ 12) had no alteration in this test value (p=0.018). Conclusions PRP is safe and an interesting alternative therapy in symptomatic diabetic dry eye. More clinical trials are required to create specific protocols to this treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do colírio de concentrado de plaquetas (CCP) autólogo no olho seco sintomático de pacientes diabéticos. Projeto Um estudo de intervenção único grupo prospectivo. Participantes Doze pacientes diabéticos com doença do olho seco refratário. Métodos Os pacientes foram tratados com colírio de PRP autólogo quatro vezes por dia durante um mês. Sintomas de olho seco e sua frequência, seguindo os critérios de DEWS, tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, a melhoria das linhas de acuidade visual e teste de Schirmer. Resultados Todos os pacientes tiveram alguma melhora dos sintomas de ressecamento, coceira, ardor e vermelhidão (p = 0,002). Destes, 41,66% (5/12) tiveram melhora de uma ou mais linhas de acuidade visual em ambos os olhos; 50% e 58,33% não tinham alteração no olho direito e esquerdo, respectivamente (p = 0,14) . Considerando o teste de Schirmer, 66,66% (8/12) tiveram melhora no valor do teste, 25% (3/12) não apresentaram alteração neste valor de teste e de 8,33% (1/12) tiveram um valor reduzido no teste após tratamento. (p = 0,04). Considerando o valor de teste BUT 58,33% (7/12) apresentaram melhora no valor de teste e 41,66% (12/05) não apresentaram alteração neste valor de teste (p = 0,018). Conclusões O CCP é seguro e uma terapia alternativa interessante no olho seco diabético sintomático. Mais ensaios clínicos são necessários para criar protocolos específicos para este tratamento.

Post-bleaching sensitivity in patients with sickle cell disease / Sensibilidade dentária pós-clareamento em pacientes com doença falciforme

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a monogenic disease that affectsmillions of people worldwide. This study analyzed theeffectiveness of bleaching and tooth sensitivity after in-officebleaching in patients with SCD. Forty volunteers wererandomly assigned to four groups of 10 patients each (five withthe SCD and five healthy controls) and treated using in-officebleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide and different lightactivation protocols. No statistically significant difference wasobserved with relation to presence of tooth sensitivity, with orwithout use of a source of light for peroxide activation, and allbleaching therapies were effective, regardless of the techniqueemployed and the presence/absence of sickle cell disease. Thedata showed that in-office dental bleaching is a viablealternative for improvement of oral esthetics for patients with SCD.

A doença falciforme (DF) é a doença monogênica e afetamilhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. Este estudo analisou aeficácia do clareamento e a presença de sensibilidadedentinária após clareamento dental em portadores de DF.Quarenta voluntários distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatrogrupos com diferentes fontes de luz foram submetidos à técnicade clareamento em consultório, utilizando peróxido dehidrogênio a 35%. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisti -ca mente significativas em relação á presença de sensibilidade,com ou sem a utilização de uma fonte de luz para acelerar aativação do peróxido e todos os clareamentos foram efetivos,independentemente da técnica utilizada e da presença/ausênciade DF. Os dados mostraram que o clareamento dental em consultório, utilizando peróxido de hidrogênio a 35% é uma alternativa viável para melhoria da estética em pacientes com DF.

[Gradenigo's syndrome: a case-report]. / Síndrome de Gradenigo: comunicación de un caso.

Acute otitis media is the most common bacterial infection in children. Despite efficient antibiotic therapy, there are still reports of both intratemporal and intracranial complications with potential risk of high morbidity and mortality. Mastoiditis, apical petrositis and labyrinthitis are caused by the extension of purulent middle ear infection into nearby structures. Giuseppe Gradenigo first described the clinical triad of acute otitis media, unilateral pain in the region innervated by the 1 masculine and 2 masculine branches of the trigeminal nerve and ipsilateral abducens nerve paralysis. This is a serious but rare complication of middle ear infection that should be suspected in every patient with unilateral headache and abducens nerve palsy. We report a case of Gradenigo's syndrome in a 6-year-old boy.

Síndrome de Gradenigo: comunicación de un caso / Gradenigo´s syndrome: a case-report

La otitis media aguda (OMA) es la infección bacteriana másfrecuente en pediatría. A pesar de la existencia de tratamiento antibiótico adecuado aún existen casos de complicaciones intratemporales o intracraneales con riesgo potencial de morbimortalidad elevada. Mastoiditis, petrositis y laberintitis se producen como consecuencia de la extensión del proceso supurado desde el oído medio a las estructuras adyacentes. GiuseppeGradenigo fue quien describió la tríada de otitis media aguda, dolor unilateral en las áreas inervadas por la 1a y 2a ramas del nervio trigémino y parálisis del 6º par craneal. Esta es una grave, aunque rara, complicación de la OMA, que debe ser sospechada en todo paciente con cefalea unilateral y parálisis del 6º par craneal. Presentamos el caso de un niño de 6años con síndrome de Gradenigo.(AU)

Síndrome de Gradenigo: comunicación de un caso / Gradenigo´s syndrome: a case-report

La otitis media aguda (OMA) es la infección bacteriana másfrecuente en pediatría. A pesar de la existencia de tratamiento antibiótico adecuado aún existen casos de complicaciones intratemporales o intracraneales con riesgo potencial de morbimortalidad elevada. Mastoiditis, petrositis y laberintitis se producen como consecuencia de la extensión del proceso supurado desde el oído medio a las estructuras adyacentes. GiuseppeGradenigo fue quien describió la tríada de otitis media aguda, dolor unilateral en las áreas inervadas por la 1a y 2a ramas del nervio trigémino y parálisis del 6º par craneal. Esta es una grave, aunque rara, complicación de la OMA, que debe ser sospechada en todo paciente con cefalea unilateral y parálisis del 6º par craneal. Presentamos el caso de un niño de 6años con síndrome de Gradenigo.